Light-weight hybrid glass laminates

ABSTRACT

A glass laminate comprises an external glass sheet, an internal glass sheet, and a polymer interlayer formed between the external glass sheet and the internal glass sheet. The external glass sheet is a chemically-strengthened glass sheet having a thickness of less than 1 mm, the polymer interlayer has a thickness of less than 1.6 mm, and the internal glass sheet is a non-chemically-strengthened glass sheet having a thickness of less than 2.5 mm.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/500,766 filed on Jun. 24, 2011, the content of which is relied upon and incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

The present disclosure relates generally to glass laminates, and more particularly to hybrid glass laminates comprising a chemically-strengthened outer glass pane and a non-chemically-strengthened inner glass pane. Such hybrid laminates may be characterized by low weight, good sound-damping performance, and high impact resistance. In particular, the disclosed hybrid laminates satisfy commercially-applicable impact test criteria for non-windscreen applications.

Glass laminates can be used as windows and glazings in architectural and transportation applications, including automobiles, rolling stock and airplanes. As used herein, a glazing is a transparent or semi-transparent part of a wall or other structure. Common types of glazings that are used in architectural and automotive applications include clear and tinted glass, including laminated glass. Laminated glazings comprising opposing glass sheets separated by a plasticized poly(vinyl butyral) (PVB) sheet, for example, can be used as windows, windshields, or sunroofs. In certain applications, glass laminates having high mechanical strength and sound-attenuating properties are desirable in order to provide a safe barrier while reducing sound transmission from external sources.

In many vehicle applications, fuel economy is a function of vehicle weight. It is desirable, therefore, to reduce the weight of glazings for such applications without compromising strength and sound-attenuating properties. In this regard, it can be advantageous for a glass laminate to be mechanically robust with respect to external impact events such as attempted forced entry or contact with stones or hail, yet suitably dissipate energy (and fracture) as a result of internal impact events such as contact with an occupant, for example, during a collision. In view of the foregoing, thin, light weight glazings that possess the durability and sound-damping properties associated with thicker, heavier glazings are desirable.

SUMMARY

According to one aspect of the disclosure, a glass laminate comprises an external glass sheet, an internal glass sheet, and a polymer interlayer formed between the external and internal glass sheets. In order to optimize the impact behavior of the glass laminate, the external glass sheet comprises chemically-strengthened glass and can have a thickness of less than or equal to 1 mm, while the internal glass sheet comprises non-chemically-strengthened glass and can have a thickness of less than or equal to 2.5 mm. In embodiments, the polymer interlayer (e.g., poly(vinyl butyral) or PVB) can have a thickness of less than or equal to 1.6 mm. The disclosed hybrid glass laminate architecture can advantageously distribute stresses in response to impact. For example, the disclosed glass laminates can provide superior impact resistance and resist breakage in response to external impact events, yet appropriately dissipate energy and appropriately fracture in response to internal impact events.

Additional features and advantages of the invention will be set forth in the detailed description which follows, and in part will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art from that description or recognized by practicing the invention as described herein, including the detailed description which follows, the claims, as well as the appended drawings.

It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description present embodiments of the invention, and are intended to provide an overview or framework for understanding the nature and character of the invention as it is claimed. The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding of the invention, and are incorporated into and constitute a part of this specification. The drawings illustrate various embodiments and together with the description serve to explain the principles and operations of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic of an example planar hybrid glass laminate according to embodiments; and

FIG. 2 is a schematic of an example bent hybrid glass laminate according to embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The glass laminates disclosed herein are configured to include an external chemically-strengthened glass sheet and an internal non-chemically-strengthened glass sheet. As defined herein, when the glass laminates are put into use, an external glass sheet will be proximate to or in contact the environment, while an internal glass sheet will be proximate to or in contact with the interior (e.g., cabin) of the structure or vehicle (e.g., automobile) incorporating the glass laminate.

An example glass laminate is illustrated in FIG. 1. The glass laminate 100 comprises an external glass sheet 110, an internal glass sheet 120, and a polymer interlayer 130. The polymer interlayer can be in direct physical contact (e.g., laminated to) each of the respective external and internal glass sheets. The external glass sheet 110 has an exterior surface 112 and an interior surface 114. In a similar vein, the internal glass sheet 120 has an exterior surface 122 and an interior surface 124. As shown in the illustrated embodiment, the interior surface 114 of external glass sheet 110 and the interior surface 124 of internal glass sheet 120 are each in contact with polymer interlayer 130.

During use, it is desirable that the glass laminates resist fracture in response to external impact events. In response to internal impact events, however, such as the glass laminates being struck by a vehicle's occupant, it is desirable that the glass laminate retain the occupant in the vehicle yet dissipate energy upon impact in order to minimize injury. The ECE R43 headform test, which simulates impact events occurring from inside a vehicle, is a regulatory test that requires that laminated glazings fracture in response to specified internal impact.

Without wishing to be bound by theory, when one pane of a glass sheet/polymer interlayer/glass sheet laminate is impacted, the opposite surface of the impacted sheet, as well as the exterior surface of the opposing sheet are placed into tension. Calculated stress distributions for a glass sheet/polymer interlayer/glass sheet laminate under biaxial loading reveal that the magnitude of tensile stress in the opposite surface of the impacted sheet may be comparable to (or even slightly greater than) the magnitude of the tensile stress experienced at the exterior surface of the opposing sheet for low loading rates. However, for high loading rates, which are characteristic of impacts typically experienced in automobiles, the magnitude of the tensile stress at the exterior surface of the opposing sheet may be much greater than the tensile stress at the opposite surface of the impacted sheet. As disclosed herein, by configuring the hybrid glass laminates to have a chemically-strengthened external glass sheet and a non-chemically-strengthened internal glass sheet, the impact resistance for both external and internal impact events can be optimized.

Suitable internal glass sheets are non-chemically-strengthened glass sheets such as soda-lime glass. Optionally, the internal glass sheets may be heat strengthened. In embodiments where soda-lime glass is used as the non-chemically-strengthened glass sheet, conventional decorating materials and methods (e.g., glass frit enamels and screen printing) can be used, which can simplify the glass laminate manufacturing process. Tinted soda-lime glass sheets can be incorporated into a hybrid glass laminate in order to achieve desired transmission and/or attenuation across the electromagnetic spectrum.

Suitable external glass sheets may be chemically strengthened by an ion exchange process. In this process, typically by immersion of the glass sheet into a molten salt bath for a predetermined period of time, ions at or near the surface of the glass sheet are exchanged for larger metal ions from the salt bath. In one embodiment, the temperature of the molten salt bath is about 430° C. and the predetermined time period is about eight hours. The incorporation of the larger ions into the glass strengthens the sheet by creating a compressive stress in a near surface region. A corresponding tensile stress is induced within a central region of the glass to balance the compressive stress.

Example ion-exchangeable glasses that are suitable for forming hybrid glass laminates are alkali aluminosilicate glasses or alkali aluminoborosilicate glasses, though other glass compositions are contemplated. As used herein, “ion exchangeable” means that a glass is capable of exchanging cations located at or near the surface of the glass with cations of the same valence that are either larger or smaller in size. One example glass composition comprises SiO₂, B₂O₃ and Na₂O, where (SiO₂+B₂O₃)≥66 mol. %, and Na₂O≥9 mol. %. In an embodiment, the glass sheets include at least 6 wt. % aluminum oxide. In a further embodiment, a glass sheet includes one or more alkaline earth oxides, such that a content of alkaline earth oxides is at least 5 wt. %. Suitable glass compositions, in some embodiments, further comprise at least one of K₂O, MgO, and CaO. In a particular embodiment, the glass can comprise 61-75 mol. % SiO₂; 7-15 mol. % Al₂O₃; 0-12 mol. % B₂O₃; 9-21 mol. % Na₂O; 0-4 mol. % K₂O; 0-7 mol. % MgO; and 0-3 mol. % CaO.

A further example glass composition suitable for forming hybrid glass laminates comprises: 60-70 mol. % SiO₂; 6-14 mol. % Al₂O₃; 0-15 mol. % B₂O₃; 0-15 mol. % Li₂O; 0-20 mol. % Na₂O; 0-10 mol. % K₂O; 0-8 mol. % MgO; 0-10 mol. % CaO; 0-5 mol. % ZrO₂; 0-1 mol. % SnO₂; 0-1 mol. % CeO₂; less than 50 ppm As₂O₃; and less than 50 ppm Sb₂O₃; where 12 mol. %≤(Li₂O+Na₂O+K₂O)≤20 mol. % and 0 mol. %≤(MgO+CaO)≤10 mol. %.

A still further example glass composition comprises: 63.5-66.5 mol. % SiO₂; 8-12 mol. % Al₂O₃; 0-3 mol. % B₂O₃; 0-5 mol. % Li₂O; 8-18 mol. % Na₂O; 0-5 mol. % K₂O; 1-7 mol. % MgO; 0-2.5 mol. % CaO; 0-3 mol. % ZrO₂; 0.05-0.25 mol. % SnO₂; 0.05-0.5 mol. % CeO₂; less than 50 ppm As₂O₃; and less than 50 ppm Sb₂O₃; where 14 mol. %≤(Li₂O+Na₂O+K₂O)≤18 mol. % and 2 mol. %≤(MgO+CaO)≤7 mol. %.

In a particular embodiment, an alkali aluminosilicate glass comprises alumina, at least one alkali metal and, in some embodiments, greater than 50 mol. % SiO₂, in other embodiments at least 58 mol. % SiO₂, and in still other embodiments at least 60 mol. % SiO₂, wherein the ratio

${\frac{{{Al}_{2}O_{3}} + {B_{2}O_{3}}}{\sum{modifiers}} > 1},$ where in the ratio the components are expressed in mol. % and the modifiers are alkali metal oxides. This glass, in particular embodiments, comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of: 58-72 mol. % SiO₂; 9-17 mol. % Al₂O₃; 2-12 mol. % B₂O₃; 8-16 mol. % Na₂O; and 0-4 mol. % K₂O, wherein the ratio

$\frac{{{Al}_{2}O_{3}} + {B_{2}O_{3}}}{\sum{modifiers}} > 1.$

In another embodiment, an alkali aluminosilicate glass comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of: 61-75 mol. % SiO₂; 7-15 mol. % Al₂O₃; 0-12 mol. % B₂O₃; 9-21 mol. % Na₂O; 0-4 mol. % K₂O; 0-7 mol. % MgO; and 0-3 mol. % CaO.

In yet another embodiment, an alkali aluminosilicate glass substrate comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of: 60-70 mol. % SiO₂; 6-14 mol. % Al₂O₃; 0-15 mol. % B₂O₃; 0-15 mol. % Li₂O; 0-20 mol. % Na₂O; 0-10 mol. % K₂O; 0-8 mol. % MgO; 0-10 mol. % CaO; 0-5 mol. % ZrO₂; 0-1 mol. % SnO₂; 0-1 mol. % CeO₂; less than 50 ppm As₂O₃; and less than 50 ppm Sb₂O₃; wherein 12 mol. %≤Li₂O+Na₂O+K₂O 20 mol. % and 0 mol. %≤MgO+CaO≤10 mol. %.

In still another embodiment, an alkali aluminosilicate glass comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of: 64-68 mol. % SiO₂; 12-16 mol. % Na₂O; 8-12 mol. % Al₂O₃; 0-3 mol. % B₂O₃; 2-5 mol. % K₂O; 4-6 mol. % MgO; and 0-5 mol. % CaO, wherein: 66 mol. %≤SiO₂+B₂O₃+CaO 69 mol. %; Na₂O+K₂O+B₂O₃+MgO+CaO+SrO>10 mol. %; 5 mol. %≤MgO+CaO+SrO≤8 mol. %; (Na₂O+B₂O₃)—Al₂O₃≤2 mol. %; 2 mol. % Na₂O—Al₂O₃≤6 mol. %; and 4 mol. %≤(Na₂O+K₂O)—Al₂O₃≤10 mol. %.

The chemically-strengthened as well as the non-chemically-strengthened glass, in some embodiments, is batched with 0-2 mol. % of at least one fining agent selected from a group that includes Na₂SO₄, NaCl, NaF, NaBr, K₂SO₄, KCl, KF, KBr, and SnO₂.

In one example embodiment, sodium ions in the chemically-strengthened glass can be replaced by potassium ions from the molten bath, though other alkali metal ions having a larger atomic radii, such as rubidium or cesium, can replace smaller alkali metal ions in the glass. According to particular embodiments, smaller alkali metal ions in the glass can be replaced by Ag⁺ ions. Similarly, other alkali metal salts such as, but not limited to, sulfates, halides, and the like may be used in the ion exchange process.

The replacement of smaller ions by larger ions at a temperature below that at which the glass network can relax produces a distribution of ions across the surface of the glass that results in a stress profile. The larger volume of the incoming ion produces a compressive stress (CS) on the surface and tension (central tension, or CT) in the center of the glass. The compressive stress is related to the central tension by the following relationship:

${CS} = {{CT}\left( \frac{t - {2\;{DOL}}}{DOL} \right)}$ where t is the total thickness of the glass sheet and DOL is the depth of exchange, also referred to as depth of layer.

According to various embodiments, hybrid glass laminates comprising ion-exchanged glass possess an array of desired properties, including low weight, high impact resistance, and improved sound attenuation.

In one embodiment, a chemically-strengthened glass sheet can have a surface compressive stress of at least 300 MPa, e.g., at least 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750 or 800 MPa, a depth of layer at least about 20 μm (e.g., at least about 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50 μm) and/or a central tension greater than 40 MPa (e.g., greater than 40, 45, or 50 MPa) but less than 100 MPa (e.g., less than 100, 95, 90, 85, 80, 75, 70, 65, 60, or 55 MPa).

A modulus of elasticity of a chemically-strengthened glass sheet can range from about 60 GPa to 85 GPa (e.g., 60, 65, 70, 75, 80 or 85 GPa). The modulus of elasticity of the glass sheet(s) and the polymer interlayer can affect both the mechanical properties (e.g., deflection and strength) and the acoustic performance (e.g., transmission loss) of the resulting glass laminate.

Example glass sheet forming methods include fusion draw and slot draw processes, which are each examples of a down-draw process, as well as float processes. These methods can be used to form both chemically-strengthened and non-chemically-strengthened glass sheets. The fusion draw process uses a drawing tank that has a channel for accepting molten glass raw material. The channel has weirs that are open at the top along the length of the channel on both sides of the channel. When the channel fills with molten material, the molten glass overflows the weirs. Due to gravity, the molten glass flows down the outside surfaces of the drawing tank. These outside surfaces extend down and inwardly so that they join at an edge below the drawing tank. The two flowing glass surfaces join at this edge to fuse and form a single flowing sheet. The fusion draw method offers the advantage that, because the two glass films flowing over the channel fuse together, neither outside surface of the resulting glass sheet comes in contact with any part of the apparatus. Thus, the surface properties of the fusion drawn glass sheet are not affected by such contact.

The slot draw method is distinct from the fusion draw method. Here the molten raw material glass is provided to a drawing tank. The bottom of the drawing tank has an open slot with a nozzle that extends the length of the slot. The molten glass flows through the slot/nozzle and is drawn downward as a continuous sheet and into an annealing region. The slot draw process can provide a thinner sheet than the fusion draw process because only a single sheet is drawn through the slot, rather than two sheets being fused together.

Down-draw processes produce glass sheets having a uniform thickness that possess surfaces that are relatively pristine. Because the strength of the glass surface is controlled by the amount and size of surface flaws, a pristine surface that has had minimal contact has a higher initial strength. When this high strength glass is then chemically strengthened, the resultant strength can be higher than that of a surface that has been a lapped and polished. Down-drawn glass may be drawn to a thickness of less than about 2 mm. In addition, down drawn glass has a very flat, smooth surface that can be used in its final application without costly grinding and polishing.

In the float glass method, a sheet of glass that may be characterized by smooth surfaces and uniform thickness is made by floating molten glass on a bed of molten metal, typically tin. In an example process, molten glass that is fed onto the surface of the molten tin bed forms a floating ribbon. As the glass ribbon flows along the tin bath, the temperature is gradually decreased until a solid glass sheet can be lifted from the tin onto rollers. Once off the bath, the glass sheet can be cooled further and annealed to reduce internal stress.

Glass sheets can be used to form glass laminates. As defined herein, a hybrid glass laminate comprises an externally-facing chemically-strengthened glass sheet, an internally-facing non-chemically-strengthened glass sheet, and a polymer interlayer formed between the glass sheets. The polymer interlayer can comprise a monolithic polymer sheet, a multilayer polymer sheet, or a composite polymer sheet. The polymer interlayer can be, for example, a plasticized poly(vinyl butyral) sheet.

Glass laminates can be adapted to provide an optically transparent barrier in architectural and automotive openings, e.g., automotive glazings. Glass laminates can be formed using a variety of processes. The assembly, in an example embodiment, involves laying down a first sheet of glass, overlaying a polymer interlayer such as a PVB sheet, laying down a second sheet of glass, and then trimming the excess PVB to the edges of the glass sheets. A tacking step can include expelling most of the air from the interfaces and partially bonding the PVB to the glass sheets. The finishing step, typically carried out at elevated temperature and pressure, completes the mating of each of the glass sheets to the polymer interlayer. In the foregoing embodiment, the first sheet can be a chemically-strengthened glass sheet and the second sheet can be a non-chemically-strengthened glass sheet or vice versa.

A thermoplastic material such as PVB may be applied as a preformed polymer interlayer. The thermoplastic layer can, in certain embodiments, have a thickness of at least 0.125 mm (e.g., 0.125, 0.25, 0.38, 0.5, 0.7, 0.76, 0.81, 1, 1.14, 1.19 or 1.2 mm). The thermoplastic layer can have a thickness of less than or equal to 1.6 mm (e.g., from 0.4 to 1.2 mm, such as about 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1 or 1.2 mm). The thermoplastic layer can cover most or, preferably, substantially all of the two opposed major faces of the glass. It may also cover the edge faces of the glass. The glass sheets in contact with the thermoplastic layer may be heated above the softening point of the thermoplastic, such as, for example, at least 5° C. or 10° C. above the softening point, to promote bonding of the thermoplastic material to the respective glass sheets. The heating can be performed with the glass in contact with the thermoplastic layers under pressure.

Select commercially available polymer interlayer materials are summarized in Table 1, which provides also the glass transition temperature and modulus for each product sample. Glass transition temperature and modulus data were determined from technical data sheets available from the vendor or using a DSC 200 Differential Scanning calorimeter (Seiko Instruments Corp., Japan) or by ASTM D638 method for the glass transition and modulus data, respectively. A further description of the acrylic/silicone resin materials used in the ISD resin is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,624,763, and a description of the acoustic modified PVB resin is disclosed in Japanese Patent No. 05138840, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

TABLE 1 Example Polymer Interlayer Materials T_(g) Modulus, psi Interlayer Material (° C.) (MPa) EVA (STR Corp., Enfield, CT) −20 750-900 (5.2-6.2) EMA (Exxon Chemical Co., Baytown, TX) −55 <4,500 (27.6) EMAC (Chevron Corp., Orange, TX) −57 <5,000 (34.5) PVC plasticized (Geon Company, Avon −45 <1500 (10.3) Lake, OH) PVB plasticized (Solutia, St. Louis, MO) 0 <5000 (34.5) Polyethylene, Metallocene-catalyzed −60 <11,000 (75.9) (Exxon Chemical Co., Baytown, TX) Polyurethane Hard (97 Shore A) 31 400 Polyurethane Semi-rigid (78 Shore A) −49 54 ISD resin (3M Corp., Minneapolis, MN) −20 Acoustic modified PVB (Sekisui KKK, 140 Osaka, Japan) Uvekol A (liquid curable resins) (Cytec, Woodland Park, NJ)

One or more polymer interlayers may be incorporated into a hybrid glass laminate. A plurality of interlayers may provide complimentary or distinct functionality, including adhesion promotion, acoustic control, UV transmission control, tinting, coloration and/or IR transmission control.

A modulus of elasticity of the polymer interlayer can range from about 1 MPa to 75 MPa (e.g., about 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 50 or 75 MPa). At a loading rate of 1 Hz, a modulus of elasticity of a standard PVB interlayer can be about 15 MPa, and a modulus of elasticity of an acoustic grade PVB interlayer can be about 2 MPa.

During the lamination process, the interlayer is typically heated to a temperature effective to soften the interlayer, which promotes a conformal mating of the interlayer to respective surfaces of the glass sheets. For PVB, a lamination temperature can be about 140° C. Mobile polymer chains within the interlayer material develop bonds with the glass surfaces, which promote adhesion. Elevated temperatures also accelerate the diffusion of residual air and/or moisture from the glass-polymer interface.

The application of pressure both promotes flow of the interlayer material, and suppresses bubble formation that otherwise could be induced by the combined vapor pressure of water and air trapped at the interfaces. To suppress bubble formation, heat and pressure are simultaneously applied to the assembly in an autoclave.

Hybrid glass laminates can provide beneficial effects, including the attenuation of acoustic noise, reduction of UV and/or IR light transmission, and/or enhancement of the aesthetic appeal of a window opening. The individual glass sheets comprising the disclosed glass laminates, as well as the formed laminates, can be characterized by one or more attributes, including composition, density, thickness, surface metrology, as well as various properties including optical, sound-attenuation, and mechanical properties such as impact resistance. Various aspects of the disclosed hybrid glass laminates are described herein.

The hybrid glass laminates can be adapted for use, for example, as windows or glazings, and configured to any suitable size and dimension. In embodiments, the glass laminates have a length and width that independently vary from 10 cm to 1 m or more (e.g., 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, or 5 m). Independently, the glass laminates can have an area of greater than 0.1 m², e.g., greater than 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, or 25 m².

The glass laminates can be substantially flat or shaped for certain applications. For instance, the glass laminates can be formed as bent or shaped parts for use as windshields or cover plates. The structure of a shaped glass laminate may be simple or complex. In certain embodiments, a shaped glass laminate may have a complex curvature where the glass sheets have a distinct radius of curvature in two independent directions. Such shaped glass sheets may thus be characterized as having “cross curvature,” where the glass is curved along an axis that is parallel to a given dimension and also curved along an axis that is perpendicular to the same dimension. An automobile sunroof, for example, typically measures about 0.5 m by 1.0 m and has a radius of curvature of 2 to 2.5 m along the minor axis, and a radius of curvature of 4 to 5 m along the major axis.

Shaped glass laminates according to certain embodiments can be defined by a bend factor, where the bend factor for a given part is equal to the radius of curvature along a given axis divided by the length of that axis. Thus, for the example automotive sunroof having radii of curvature of 2 m and 4 m along respective axes of 0.5 m and 1.0 m, the bend factor along each axis is 4. Shaped glass laminates can have a bend factor ranging from 2 to 8 (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8).

An example shaped glass laminate 200 is illustrated in FIG. 2. The shaped laminate 200 comprises an external (chemically-strengthened) glass sheet 110 formed at a convex surface of the laminate while an internal (non-chemically-strengthened) glass sheet 120 is formed on a concave surface of the laminate. It will be appreciated, however, that the convex surface of a non-illustrated embodiment can comprise a non-chemically-strengthened glass sheet while an opposing concave surface can comprise a chemically-strengthened glass sheet.

Methods for bending and/or shaping glass laminates can include gravity bending, press bending and methods that are hybrids thereof. In a traditional method of gravity bending thin, flat sheets of glass into curved shapes such as automobile windshields, cold, pre-cut single or multiple glass sheets are placed onto the rigid, pre-shaped, peripheral support surface of a bending fixture. The bending fixture may be made using a metal or a refractory material. In an example method, an articulating bending fixture may be used. Prior to bending, the glass typically is supported only at a few contact points. The glass is heated, usually by exposure to elevated temperatures in a lehr, which softens the glass allowing gravity to sag or slump the glass into conformance with the peripheral support surface. Substantially the entire support surface generally will then be in contact with the periphery of the glass.

A related technique is press bending where a single flat glass sheet is heated to a temperature corresponding substantially to the softening point of the glass. The heated sheet is then pressed or shaped to a desired curvature between male and female mold members having complementary shaping surfaces. The mold member shaping surfaces may include vacuum or air jets for engaging with the glass sheets. In embodiments, the shaping surfaces may be configured to contact substantially the entire corresponding glass surface. Alternatively, one or both of the opposing shaping surfaces may contact the respective glass surface over a discrete area or at discrete contact points. For example, a female mold surface may be ring-shaped surface. In embodiments, a combination of gravity bending and press bending techniques can be used.

A total thickness of the glass laminate can range from about 2 mm to 5 mm, where the external chemically-strengthened glass sheet can have a thickness of 1 mm or less (e.g., from 0.5 to 1 mm such as, for example, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9 or 1 mm). Further, the internal non-chemically-strengthened glass sheet can have a thickness of 2.5 mm or less (e.g., from 1 to 2 mm such as, for example, 1, 1.5, 2 or 2.5 mm). In embodiments, the total thickness of the glass sheets in the glass laminate is less than 3.5 mm (e.g., less than 3.5, 3, 2.5 or 2.3 mm).

Example glass laminate structures are illustrated in Table 2, where the abbreviation GG refers to a chemically-strengthened aluminosilicate glass sheet, the term “glass” refers to a non-chemically-strengthened soda lime (SL) glass sheet, and PVB refers to poly(vinyl butyral), which may optionally be an acoustic grade PVB (A-PVB). Examples 1-6 are inventive, while Examples A and B are comparative.

TABLE 2 Example glass laminate structures Configuration Sample Internal sheet Interlayer External sheet 1 1.5 mm SL glass 0.76-0.81 mm PVB 0.7 mm GG 2 1.5 mm SL glass 0.76-0.81 mm PVB 1.0 mm GG 3 1.5 mm SL glass 0.38-0.4 mm PVB 0.7 mm GG 4 1.5 mm SL glass 0.38-0.4 mm PVB 1.0 mm GG 5 1.6 mm SL glass 0.76 mm PVB 0.7 mm GG 6 1.6 mm SL glass 0.81 mm PVB 0.7 mm GG 7 1.6 mm SL glass 1.14 mm PVB 0.7 mm GG 8 1.6 mm SL glass 1.19 mm PVB 0.7 mm GG 9 1.6 mm SL glass 0.38 mm PVB 0.5 mm GG 10 1.6 mm SL glass 0.7 mm PVB 0.5 mm GG 11 2.1 mm SL glass 0.76 mm PVB 0.7 mm GG 12 2.1 mm SL glass 0.81 mm PVB 1.0 mm GG A 1.0 mm GG 0.76-0.81 mm PVB 1.0 mm GG B 1.5 mm SL glass 0.76-0.81 mm PVB 1.5 mm SL glass

Applicants have shown that the glass laminate structures disclosed herein have excellent durability, impact resistance, toughness, and scratch resistance. As is well known among skilled artisans, the strength and mechanical impact performance of a glass sheet or laminate is limited by defects in the glass, including both surface and internal defects. When a glass laminate is impacted, the impact point is put into compression, while a ring or “hoop” around the impact point, as well as the opposite face of the impacted sheet, are put into tension. Typically, the origin of failure will be at a flaw, usually on the glass surface, at or near the point of highest tension. This may occur on the opposite face, but can occur within the ring. If a flaw in the glass is put into tension during an impact event, the flaw will likely propagate, and the glass will typically break. Thus, a high magnitude and depth of compressive stress (depth of layer) is preferable.

Due to chemical strengthening, one or both of the surfaces of the chemically-strengthened glass sheets used in the disclosed hybrid glass laminates are under compression. The incorporation of a compressive stress in a near surface region of the glass can inhibit crack propagation and failure of the glass sheet. In order for flaws to propagate and failure to occur, the tensile stress from an impact must exceed the surface compressive stress at the tip of the flaw. In embodiments, the high compressive stress and high depth of layer of chemically-strengthened glass sheets enable the use of thinner glass than in the case of non-chemically-strengthened glass.

In the case of hybrid glass laminates, the laminate structure can deflect without breaking in response to the mechanical impact much further than thicker monolithic, non-chemically-strengthened glass or thicker, non-chemically-strengthened glass laminates. This added deflection enables more energy transfer to the laminate interlayer, which can reduce the energy that reaches the opposite side of the glass. Consequently, the hybrid glass laminates disclosed herein can withstand higher impact energies than monolithic, non-chemically-strengthened glass or non-chemically-strengthened glass laminates of similar thickness.

In addition to their mechanical properties, as will be appreciated by a skilled artisan, laminated structures can be used to dampen acoustic waves. The hybrid glass laminates disclosed herein can dramatically reduce acoustic transmission while using thinner (and lighter) structures that also possess the requisite mechanical properties for many glazing applications.

The acoustic performance of laminates and glazings is commonly impacted by the flexural vibrations of the glazing structure. Without wishing to be bound by theory, human acoustic response peaks typically between 500 Hz and 5000 Hz, corresponding to wavelengths of about 0.1-1 m in air and 1-10 m in glass. For a glazing structure less than 0.01 m (<10 mm) thick, transmission occurs mainly through coupling of vibrations and acoustic waves to the flexural vibration of the glazing. Laminated glazing structures can be designed to convert energy from the glazing flexural modes into shear strains within the polymer interlayer. In glass laminates employing thinner glass sheets, the greater compliance of the thinner glass permits a greater vibrational amplitude, which in turn can impart greater shear strain on the interlayer. The low shear resistance of most viscoelastic polymer interlayer materials means that the interlayer will promote damping via the high shear strain that will be converted into heat under the influence of molecular chain sliding and relaxation.

In addition to the glass laminate thickness, the nature of the glass sheets that comprise the laminates may also influence the sound attenuating properties. For instance, as between chemically-strengthened and non-chemically-strengthened glass sheets, there may be small but significant difference at the glass-polymer interlayer interface that contributes to higher shear strain in the polymer layer. Also, in addition to their obvious compositional differences, aluminosilicate glasses and soda lime glasses have different physical and mechanical properties, including modulus, Poisson's ratio, density, etc., which may result in a different acoustic response.

EXAMPLES

Conventional uniaxial strength tests, such as three- or four-point bending tests have been used to measure the strength of glass and ceramic materials. However, because the measured strength depends on edge effects as well as on the bulk material, the interpretation of uniaxial strength test results can be challenging.

Biaxial flexure tests, on the other hand, can be used to provide a strength assessment independent of edge-induced phenomena. In a biaxial flexure test, a glass laminate is supported at three or more points near its periphery and equidistant from its center and the laminate is then loaded at a central position. The location of maximum tensile stress thus occurs at the center of the laminate surface and, advantageously, is independent of the edge conditions.

Example planar hybrid glass laminates were subjected to a standardized biaxial flexure test (ECE R43 headform as detailed in Annex 7/3). As explained further below, when an inventive glass laminate (sample 1) was impacted on the non-chemically-strengthened (soda-lime) side, both glass sheets fractured. However, when the sample 1 glass laminate was impacted on the chemically-strengthened side, the non-chemically-strengthened glass sheet fractured but the chemically-strengthened glass sheet remained intact in 50% of the samples tested.

In one test, a high loading rate impact is directed against the internal (non-chemically-strengthened) glass sheet 120. In response, both the interior surface 124 of the internal glass sheet 120 and the exterior surface 112 of the external glass sheet 110 are placed in tension. With the magnitude of the tensile stress on the exterior surface 112 being greater than the tensile stress at the interior surface 124, in this configuration the more moderate tensile stress on the interior surface 124 is sufficient to fracture the non-chemically-strengthened glass sheet 120, while the elevated tensile stress on the exterior surface 112 is sufficient to fracture the chemically-strengthened glass sheet 110 as well. As the glass sheets fracture, the PVB interlayer deforms but keeps the headform impact device from penetrating through the glass laminate. This is a satisfactory response under the ECE R43 headform requirement.

In a related test, the impact is directed instead against the external (chemically-strengthened) glass sheet 110. In response, the interior surface 114 of the external glass sheet 110 experiences a moderate tensile stress and exterior surface 122 of internal glass sheet 120 experiences a higher magnitude stress. In this configuration, the elevated stress on the exterior surface 122 of the internal, non-chemically-strengthened glass sheet 120 causes the non-chemically-strengthened glass sheet to fracture. However, the moderate tensile stress on the interior surface 114 of the external glass sheet 110 may not be sufficient to overcome the ion-exchanged induced compressive stress in near-surface region of the chemically-strengthened glass. In laboratory experiments, high loading rate impact resulted in breakage of the chemically-strengthened glass sheet 110 in only two of six samples tested. In the remaining four samples, the non-chemically-strengthened glass sheet 120 fractured but the chemically-strengthened glass sheet 110 remained intact. All of the inventive samples exceeded the impact requirements for non-windscreen glass as set forth by the ECE R43 headform requirement.

Comparative samples A and B were also subjected to the biaxial flexure test. Comparative sample A, which comprises a 1 mm chemically-strengthened glass sheet/0.76 mm standard PVB/1 mm chemically-strengthened glass sheet symmetric architecture, exhibited no breakage and thus failed the ECE R43 requirement that the glass laminate must break.

Comparison sample B comprises a 1.5 mm soda-lime glass sheet/0.76 mm standard PVB/1.5 mm soda-lime glass sheet symmetric architecture. Both glass sheets fractured as a result of the biaxial flexure test and thus comparison sample B passed the ECE R43 standard (Annex 7/3). However, both glass sheets in the comparison sample B glass laminate fractured regardless of which sheet was impacted, and thus failed to provide the robust mechanical resistance against external impact realized in the hybrid laminates. It was also noted during the testing that the recoil (i.e., bounce) of the headform was larger for comparison sample B than for sample 1, suggesting that the comparative architecture did not dissipate energy as effectively as the inventive example.

The head injury criterion (HIC) is a conventional metric that can be used to evaluate the safety of glass laminates. The HIC value is a dimensionless quantity, which can be correlated to a probability of sustaining an injury as a result of an impact. For internal impact events, a lower HIC value is desirable.

For example planar hybrid glass laminates, the mean HIC value for impact on the non-chemically-strengthened side of a 1.6 mm SL/0.8 mm A-PVB/0.7 mm GG stack was 175, while the mean HIC value for impact on the chemically-strengthened side of a 0.7 mm GG/0.8 mm A-PVB/1.6 mm SL stack was 381. For automotive glazing applications, the mean HIC value for impact on the chemically-strengthened (exterior) side is advantageously greater than the mean HIC value for impact on the non-chemically-strengthened side. For example the chemically-strengthened side HIC value can be greater than or equal to 400 (e.g., greater than or equal to 400, 450 or 500) and the non-chemically-strengthened side HIC value can be less than or equal to 400 (e.g., less than or equal to 400, 350, 300, 250, 200, 150 or 100) such that the chemically-strengthened side HIC value is at least 50 (e.g., at least 50, 100, 150 or 200) greater than the non-chemically-strengthened side value.

As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to a “metal” includes examples having two or more such “metals” unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

Ranges can be expressed herein as from “about” one particular value, and/or to “about” another particular value. When such a range is expressed, examples include from the one particular value and/or to the other particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations, by use of the antecedent “about,” it will be understood that the particular value forms another aspect. It will be further understood that the endpoints of each of the ranges are significant both in relation to the other endpoint, and independently of the other endpoint.

Unless otherwise expressly stated, it is in no way intended that any method set forth herein be construed as requiring that its steps be performed in a specific order. Accordingly, where a method claim does not actually recite an order to be followed by its steps or it is not otherwise specifically stated in the claims or descriptions that the steps are to be limited to a specific order, it is no way intended that any particular order be inferred.

It is also noted that recitations herein refer to a component of the present invention being “configured” or “adapted to” function in a particular way. In this respect, such a component is “configured” or “adapted to” embody a particular property, or function in a particular manner, where such recitations are structural recitations as opposed to recitations of intended use. More specifically, the references herein to the manner in which a component is “configured” or “adapted to” denotes an existing physical condition of the component and, as such, is to be taken as a definite recitation of the structural characteristics of the component.

It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made to the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Since modifications combinations, sub-combinations and variations of the disclosed embodiments incorporating the spirit and substance of the invention may occur to persons skilled in the art, the invention should be construed to include everything within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A shaped glass laminate comprising an external glass sheet formed at a convex surface of the laminate, an internal glass sheet formed at a concave surface of the laminate, and a polymer interlayer formed between the external glass sheet and the internal glass sheet, wherein: the external glass sheet comprises a chemically-strengthened glass sheet having a thickness of less than 1 mm, the polymer layer has a thickness of less than or equal to 1.6 mm; the internal glass sheet comprises a non-chemically-strengthened glass sheet having a thickness of less than or equal to 2.5 mm, the thickness of the external glass sheet is less than the thickness of the internal glass sheet; the external glass sheet has a compressive stress on a surface facing the internal glass sheet; and when a predetermined impact occurs against an internally facing surface of the internal glass sheet, both the external glass sheet and the internal glass sheets are fractured.
 2. The glass laminate of claim 1, wherein the external glass sheet includes at least one of: at least 5 wt % of alkaline earth metal oxides; and at least 6 wt % aluminum oxide.
 3. The glass laminate of claim 1, wherein the external glass sheet has a thickness ranging from 0.5 mm to 1.0 mm.
 4. The glass laminate of claim 1, wherein the polymer interlayer comprises a single polymer sheet, a multilayer polymer sheet, or a composite polymer sheet.
 5. The glass laminate of claim 1, wherein the polymer interlayer comprises acoustic grade poly(vinyl butyral).
 6. The glass laminate of claim 1, wherein the polymer interlayer has a thickness ranging from 0.4 mm to 1.2 mm.
 7. The glass laminate of claim 1, wherein the internal glass sheet comprises soda lime glass.
 8. The glass laminate of claim 1, wherein the internal glass sheet comprises heat-strengthened glass.
 9. The glass laminate of claim 1, wherein the internal glass sheet has a thickness ranging from 1.5 mm to 2.5 mm.
 10. The glass laminate of claim 9, wherein the external glass sheet has a thickness ranging from 0.5 mm to 0.7 mm.
 11. The glass laminate of claim 1, wherein a total thickness of the internal and external glass sheets is less than 3 mm.
 12. The glass laminate of claim 1, wherein the glass laminate has an area greater than 1 m².
 13. The glass laminate of claim 1, wherein the glass laminate has a radius of curvature of at least 2 m.
 14. The glass laminate of claim 1, wherein a head injury criteria (HIC) value for an impact against the external glass sheet is greater than a HIC value for an impact against the internal glass sheet.
 15. An automotive glazing comprising the glass laminate of claim
 1. 16. A shaped glass laminate comprising an external glass sheet formed at a convex surface of the laminate, an internal glass sheet formed at a concave surface of the laminate, and a polymer interlayer formed between the external glass sheet and the internal glass sheet, wherein: the external glass sheet comprises a chemically-strengthened glass sheet having a thickness of less than 1 mm, the polymer layer has a thickness of less than or equal to 1.6 mm; the internal glass sheet comprises a non-chemically-strengthened glass sheet having a thickness ranging from 1 mm to 2.5 mm, the external glass sheet has a compressive stress on a surface facing the internal glass sheet; and when a predetermined impact occurs against an internally facing surface of the internal glass sheet, both the external glass sheet and the internal glass sheets are fractured. 